The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE or the LSE) is a public research university located in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of blogger.comd in , by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw, LSE joined the University of London in and Welcome to the University of Liverpool Repository The repository is where you can access the world class open access research from the University. Articles from a wide range of research groups and across the Institutions outputs Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page and endnotes come at the end of the document. A number or symbol on the footnote or endnote matches up with a reference mark in the document
Insert footnotes and endnotes
In the Harvard style, references are listed at the end of your work, and are organised alphabetically by the surname of the author. A reference list includes all works that have been referred to in the assignment. A bibliography includes all the material consulted in writing your assignment even if you have not cited them within it. Many people use these terms interchangeably so, if you are unsure about whether you need to include a bibliography as well as a reference list, ask your tutor.
View this guide as a PDF. This guide details the Harvard style of referencing based upon the advice given in the "Cite Them Right 10th rev. and expanded edn. Sources are cited within the body of your assignment by giving the name of the author s followed by the date of publication.
All other details about the publication are given in the list of university of london phd thesis archive or bibliography at the end. Citations which are used with direct quotations, or are referring to a particular part of a source, should include the page number in your citation, e. Smith, university of london phd thesis archive,p. If a citation does not have page numbers then you should use the number of the paragraph if availablee.
Climate change can refer to local, regional, and global changes in weather Met Office,para. If the paragraph number is not available then you may direct the reader to a specific section of the item, and then the number of the paragraph, e, university of london phd thesis archive. Using the factor command can Gaubatz,Generating Factors, para. If the name of the section is long you may use the first few words of the section in quotation marks, e.
The value of numbers needs to be random Gaubatz,"Random Numbers and Generating" section, para. Quoting is including a section of a source in your own work using exactly the same words as those used by the original author.
If you are directly quoting from a source, then you should include the page number in your citation. A short quotation under two linesshould be within the body of the text and in quotation marks, e. The label does not have to state where it comes from. If the quote is more than two lines, then it should be presented as a new paragraph which is preceded by a colon and indented from the rest of the text.
You do not need to use quotation marks, e. Wilsonp. If you are omitting materials from an original source, use three dots [ Canter and Canter state that students come to the classroom with "their own needs, their own past experiences and their preconceptions of who you are, what your limits will be" p.
It is important to manage the expectations of students effectively. Wilson, B. London: John Murray Publishers. Paraphrasing is putting someone else's ideas into your own words. It does not mean changing the odd word or rearranging the sentence. When you paraphrase, you should restate the meaning of the original text in your own words.
Be sure to cite and reference when you are paraphrasing someone else's work, e. Booth university of london phd thesis archive al. The problem with this view is that the closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play.
Below is an unacceptable paraphrase of the above quote university of london phd thesis archive it follows the original too closely:. Success seems to depend on a combination of talent and preparation. However, when psychologists closely example the gifted and their careers, they discover that innate talent plays a much smaller role than preparation Gladwell,p. The next is an example of an acceptable paraphrase as the meaning of the original has been restated in the author's own words:.
As Gladwellp. Booth, W. et al. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gladwell, M. New York: Back Bay Books. Summarising means briefly stating the main ideas or arguments of a complete information source or university of london phd thesis archive substantial portion of an information source.
Be sure to cite and reference when you are summarising someone else's work. A citation for a summary should include the author and date, e. Smith, university of london phd thesis archive, or Smithbut there is no need to include a specific page number.
This is when you reference one author who is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available refer to the primary source where it is available. Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible - if you have only read the later publication you are accepting someone else's opinion and interpretation of the author's original intention. Ecott,cited in Wilson, or Cannon,quoted in Wilson,p. In the reference list you should give details of the item you looked at. A reference list is the list of items you have used in your work.
Reference lists in Harvard are alphabetical. OED online Oxford: Oxford University Press. com Accessed: 26 January Browne, J. If you are citing materials from non-roman script, you should transliterate the references to roman script. If you are unsure, you may wish to consult with an expert of the language or an university of london phd thesis archive standard to check.
Terao, M. Tokyo: Fusosha. If you are citing materials produced in a language other than English, but in roman script, you may need to place a translated title in square brackets after the original title, depending on who the intended audience for your work will be.
Bryman recommends Quantitative data is more suited to the study due to Bryman, Author Surname, Initial s. Year Title. Edition if not first edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Bryman, A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. For more information about in—text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section. Wallace and Wolf found that Globalization is a theory that has many concepts Wallace and Wolf, university of london phd thesis archive, and Author Surname, Initial s.
Wallace, R. and Wolf, A. Upper Saddle River, N. Greig, Taylor and MacKay found that Finding the reasons behind a child's behaviour Greig, Taylor and MacKay, Greig, A.
and MacKay, T. London: Sage. Begg et al. The elasticity of demand demonstrates First Author Surname, Initial s. Begg, D. London: McGraw-Hill. Zheng looked at the cultural influences The culture of western business during the period Zheng, Chapter Author Surname, Initial s. Year 'Title of chapter', in Editor s Surname, Editor s Initial.
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The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE or the LSE) is a public research university located in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of blogger.comd in , by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw, LSE joined the University of London in and The degree Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is awarded by the University after the successful presentation of a thesis based on an original piece of research, completed under the supervision of University staff, and the successful defence of the thesis at an oral examination The University of Cincinnati and all regional campuses are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Contact Information LaSharon Mosley blogger.com@blogger.com D Rieveschl Hall Cincinnati, OH () blogger.com@blogger.com
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